When dealing with a database you need to be aware of any differences between how a data type is represented in your programming language and how it is stored in the database. These differences may not be noticeable at first but often surface later, when a query is not returning the expected results, or a round-tripped value is no longer exactly equal to the original value stored. The DateTime data type in .NET has a fairly high precision of 100-nanoseconds per tick and is a candidate for such issues.
Time values are measured in 100-nanosecond units called ticks, and a particular date is the number of ticks since 12:00 midnight, January 1, 0001 A.D. (C.E.) in the GregorianCalendar calendar (excluding ticks that would be added by leap seconds).
Even with SQL Server there was a considerable difference in precision prior to the introduction of the DATETIME2 data type, given that DATETIME values are stored with a precision of 3.33 milliseconds. When the required level of precision cannot find its way into the database to be round-tripped without loss a workaround needs to be created.
MongoDB stores data in a BSON format, which is a binary representation of the popular JSON format. The specification indicates that a UTC datetime value is stored as a 64-bit signed integer representing the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch. Once again we have a mismatch in precision to the DateTime data type in .NET and need to find a workaround for this difference.
The officially supported C# driver for MongoDB provides us with some options when it comes to serializing DateTime values into the their BSON representation. Fortunately, one of these options is able to assist with the handling of precision without resorting to storing values in a different .NET data type. Lets have a look at how DateTime values are stored by working with a very simple object that has a single DateTime property called Timestamp. We will let MongoDB assign an Id value for the document.
public class Record
{
public Guid Id { get; set; }
public DateTime Timestamp { get; set; }
}
We will also need to write some code to insert a record so that we can have a look at the stored value. The code below creates a records collection in the test database of the local server. It then inserts a new Record document into the collection after ensuring that the collection is empty to begin with.
MongoServer server = MongoServer.Create("mongodb://localhost");
MongoDatabase database = server.GetDatabase("test");
MongoCollection<BsonDocument> records = database.GetCollection("records");
records.Drop(); // Remove any existing documents.
Record record = new Record {Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow};
records.Insert(record);
server.Disconnect();
The result is a document with a Timestamp property that is saved using a call to ISODate. This is simply a helper function and the provided datetime will be stored as an integer value as per the BSON specification.
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4e848461d0ba9f8047c27dc7"), "Timestamp" : ISODate("2011-09-29T14:44:49.172Z") }
To gain further control of the serialization the BsonDateTimeOptionsAttribute can be applied to a DateTime property. The attribute has three properties: DateOnly, Kind and Representation. Setting the DateOnly property to true causes the time of day component to be stored as zero, and setting the Kind property allows us to store the DateTimeKind. These first two options are not going to help us with our precision issues but are obviously useful for other scenarios. It is setting the third option of Representation to BsonType.Document that will allow us to keep our tick level precision.
public class Record
{
public Guid Id { get; set; }
[BsonDateTimeOptions(Representation = BsonType.Document)]
public DateTime Timestamp { get; set; }
}
After applying the attribute to our Timestamp property we can see that the value is now persisted in a format that includes the value from the Ticks property of the DateTime. This special handling of the BsonType.Document representation is being handled by the DateTimeSerializer class in the driver.
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4e848714d0ba9f8047c27dc8"), "Timestamp" : { "DateTime" : ISODate("2011-09-29T14:56:20.481Z"), "Ticks" : NumberLong("634529049804813857") } }
Instead of applying the attribute to each DateTime property it is possible to specify the default serialization behaviour by setting the DateTimeSerializationOptions.Default property.
DateTimeSerializationOptions.Defaults = new DateTimeSerializationOptions(DateTimeKind.Utc, BsonType.Document);
Now that we have the DateTime value stored with the desired precision we need to be aware of this document format when it comes time to query the values. In order to perform comparisons in a query we will compare the Ticks property of the reference DateTime to the Ticks property of the stored DateTime element.
DateTime utcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
Record insertedRecord = new Record {Timestamp = utcNow};
records.Insert(insertedRecord);
QueryComplete query = Query.EQ("Timestamp.Ticks", utcNow.Ticks);
Record queriedRecord = records.FindOneAs<Record>(query);
Console.WriteLine(insertedRecord.Timestamp.Ticks == queriedRecord.Timestamp.Ticks);
The same technique can be used with the other comparison operators such as GT, GTE, LT and LTE. You can always encapsulate these details into a simple helper class like the sample below for the comparisons you require.
public static class DateTimeQuery
{
public static QueryComplete EQ(string name, DateTime value)
{
return new QueryComplete(new BsonDocument(GetTicksName(name), value.Ticks));
}
public static QueryConditionList GT(string name, DateTime value)
{
return new QueryConditionList(GetTicksName(name)).GT(value.Ticks);
}
public static QueryConditionList GTE(string name, DateTime value)
{
return new QueryConditionList(GetTicksName(name)).GTE(value.Ticks);
}
public static QueryConditionList LT(string name, DateTime value)
{
return new QueryConditionList(GetTicksName(name)).LT(value.Ticks);
}
public static QueryConditionList LTE(string name, DateTime value)
{
return new QueryConditionList(GetTicksName(name)).LTE(value.Ticks);
}
static string GetTicksName(string name)
{
return name.EndsWith(".Ticks") ? name : name + ".Ticks";
}
}
This lets you query directly on the property name and provide the DateTime value. No worrying about ticks.
QueryComplete query = DateTimeQuery.EQ("Timestamp", utcNow);
Record queriedRecord = records.FindOneAs<Record>(query);
The end result seems reasonable. Persisted DateTime values keep full precision and are deserialized into a DateTime value. Querying for the data becomes a little more difficult but some helpers can reduce the friction. These results were confirmed using MongoDB 2.0.0 and the MongoDB C# Driver 1.2.0.4274.